The Ways of Translation Neologisms Essay Example

The Ways of Translation Neologisms Essay Translation Principles for the Translation of Neologism in News Language Abstract In the world, Chinese and English has both the longest history and most people used compared with any other language. As the society developed more and more quickly, many kind of new information came out. Including them was that, there were a lot of neologisms in Chinese words. Many people who do English translation study found that it is much harder to translate these words than any others. New words were born from the antiquity, and they could miss the most important things happened at that moment. So translating these new words were paid much more attention by researchers. New words in this paper are all based on neologisms in news language. This thesis aimed to study the translation of neologism in news language from two aspects—word formation of new words and the background of new words. And then with the help of Yan Fu’s Translation Principles for the Translation of neologism in news language, the paper will enumerate some translation strategies and some ways to improve the quality of neologism in news language. Introduction 1. Characteristics of Neologism in News Language 2. Principles for Translation of Neologism in News Language 2. 1Yan Fu’s Translation Principles 2. 2Guidance of Yan Fu’s Translation Principles for the Translation of Neologism in News Language 2. 3Significance of Translation of Neologism in News Language 3. Word Formation of Neologism in News Language 3. 1Adding New Meaning to the Old Words 3. 2Borrowing 3. 3Derivation 3. 4Blending 3. 5Abbreviation 4. Background of Neologism in News Language 4. 1Politics and Economy 4. 2Culture 4. 3Society 5. We will write a custom essay sample on The Ways of Translation Neologisms specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Ways of Translation Neologisms specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Ways of Translation Neologisms specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Translation Strategies Derived from Word Formation 5. 1Literal Translation 5. 2Liberal Translation 5. 3Transliteration 5. 4Combination of Liberal Translation and Transliteration 5. 5Omission 5. 6Translation According to the Background of Neologism in News Language 6. Ways to Improve the Quality of Neologism in News Language 6. 1Understand Background Knowledge 6. 2Learn to Look up Newspaper and Magazines for Reference Conclusion Introduction With the development of society, politics, economy and any other aspects of the world, languages had been exerted profound influence. That is to say, more and more new words have entered the word bank. Since these new words have a very close relationship with all kinds of new changes, new trends and new development in our society, translators and interpreters have the responsibility to translate these new words accurately so that foreigners will learn more about China’s development and national condition (Zhang Jian, 2003). You can hear many new words such as â€Å"blog, MM, lip-synching, Golden week†, even in CCTV1’s news channel like â€Å"House slave, gunmen, hype, the cottage†. If you don’t follow the fashion, you can hardly understand these words. What’s the most important, you can never find a school to learn it. As Newmark (2001) once said, neologism is perhaps the non-literary and the professional translator’s biggest problem. Nowadays, the ways of getting massages are various, but the most convenience idea is from news. We read news from newspaper, on line, on TV, on radio and so on . So, for helping others to read and translate with so many neologism, this paper will analyze the definition and the word’s formation of neologism in news language. And then the paper will enumerate several translation strategies and some ways to improve the quality of neologism in news language. 1. Characteristics of Neologism in News Language As Chen Chuxiang (1998) said: neologisms are relative. It is a new word today, and it may be not tomorrow. Zhang Jian (2007) thought, â€Å"News reports are open to the public, reflect the trend of times immediately, and hold responsibility for the whole society. These characteristics have determined the basic principles of news reports—honesty, accuracy and fairness. Therefore, translation of news language must also comply with these principles, and be easy to understand. Besides, Zhang Jian (2008) also said, as a branch of translation, news translation should comply with the principles of translation, too. At the same time, considering the special demands of news coverage and the fact that it is published to the public, and immediately reflects the trend of our times, when doing news translation,one should treat these basic principles much more flexibly. One should come up with the specific methods when meeting specific problems (Zhang Jian, 2007). As Nida, E. A. and Taber, C. (1982) once pointed out, â€Å"each language has its own genius†¦ Rather than force the formal structure of one language upon another, the effective translator is quite prepared to make any and all formal changes necessary to reproduce the message in the distinctive structural forms of the receptor language. † The Oxford Dictionary of New Words (1991) defines a new word as word; phrase or meaning that came into popular use or enjoyed a vogue during a certain period of time. These words is said to be the â€Å"weather report† to mirror the character all kind of area and time of the word. 2. Principles for Translation of Neologism in News Language 2. 1Yan Fu’s Translation Principles Translation principles and criteria can give instruction to translators. Also, they are the standards to measure translation quality (Wang Qi Yang Jingning, 2003). In China, since the great scholar Yan Fu put forward the three principles of â€Å"faithfulness†, â€Å"expressiveness†, â€Å"elegance†, more than a hundred years has passed. Yet it still exerts great influence for the current translation activity. According to Shen Suru (1998), â€Å"faithfulness† means that the translated version must first be true and loyal to the original version. Sometimes, in order to faithfully convey the meaning of the original text, form of the target language may not be consistent with the source language. â€Å"Expressiveness† refers to the principle that the content of the original version (including meaning, information, style etc) should be expressed in the target language very well so that readers can fully understand its original meaning. Elegance† means that the style of the target language must be true to that of the source language. â€Å"Elegance† concerns about the language style, therefore, when talking about the principle of â€Å"elegance†, people will usually focus on the translation of a passage. Since this thesis focus on the words translation, the principle of â€Å"eleganceâ €  will not be discussed here . In order to avoid various kinds of wrong translations and to improve the translation quality of new words, we should acquire the main principles of new words translation. . 2Guidance of Yan Fu’s Translation Principles for the Translation of Neologism in News Language ( 2. 2 , ) While employing Yan Fu’s translation principles to instruct the translation of neologism, we should pay much attention to many aspects special the following three. First of all, the basic principles of news reports—honesty and accuracy require the translator to fully understand the meaning of the neologism in news language, and to translate it exactly, without any incorrectness or distortion. Second, the principle of fairness requires that the translated version must be objective, with no emotional factor, for instance, discrimination. Third, because news reports are open to the public, translation of neologism in news language must take every person’s education background into consideration, trying to be as plain as possible and avoiding using some vague words. Research about the word formation of neologism in news language will help translators to learn more about the origin of new words. Some neologism in news language is developed from the old one. So it must have some connection with the old one. Having known the word formation of new words, one can easily understand the meaning. From this aspect, word formation can help translators adhere to the principle of â€Å"faithfulness†. However, not all the new words will show their meaning through their word formation. We can not understand their meaning by their word formation. Jia Wenbo (2008) once pointed out in the CE Translation for Current Affairs: from the perspective of linguistics, the meaning of a certain word can be grouped into connotation and reference. Reference means a linguistic form that refers to the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. It will be bothered by the outside factors, like context. Connotation refers to the meaning of a word that is added by its users. It is beyond the language itself and relates to people’ feeling and social behaviors. Sometimes, it can have political significance, social significance, situational significance, historic significance, cultural significance and other meanings in a certain cultural environment. It usually emerges from peoples’ emotion and thinking. Therefore, this kind of meaning is subjective and is hard to discover. Usually it hides behind the reference. Its expression highlights contextual factor, cultural factor, personal feeling. The accurate meaning is uncertain. For such kind of new words, we should pay more attention to their background information. Usually, their background information may give us some hint about their meaning. It is obvious that background information is conducive to the understanding of the meaning if neologism in news language. So background information will do a lot for translators to achieve the goal of â€Å"faithfulness†. In addition, relevant background information of new words in a certain field will help translators to learn more about right way to express their meaning. They will be very careful to choose the right words and employ some terms in the certain field to express their meaning. For example, if a new word emerges from politics, one may choose some formal words rather than some casual ones when doing translation. From this aspect, we may say that background information can also improve the expressiveness of translation. . 3Significance of Translation of Neologism in News Language As Shang Hong (2008) once pointed out, â€Å"With the further improvement of external publicity work, we need to show a more positive and brand new China to the rest of the world. The translation of Chinese new words plays a vital role in promoting our external propaganda work and cultural transmission. The refore, to translate these Chinese new words well will definitely improve the overall quality of Chinese-English translation as well as receive fruitful result from the external propaganda work†. By the same token, good translation of English new words will also help us to learn more about English-speaking countries, including their development in many social aspects, like economy, science technology, culture and so on. In this information era, how to translate these new words more effectively so that it will become easier for readers both from at home and abroad to accept and learn new things is of great significance. The translator should not only have a good command of both English and Chinese language, but also keep the pace with the development of modern society. Hence, to translate these new words is a laborious but not satisfying job (Yang Quanhong, 2003). To translate these new words, it is essential to come up with useful translation principles. 3. Word Formation of Neologism in News Language Neologism in news language is born with the society development, and it can mirror the most important things of that moment (Strang , Babara,1990). Liu Mingdong and Jiang Xuejun (2002) once classified the word formation of English new words into six groups: adding affixes, transferring, compounding, blending, abbreviation and adding new meaning to the old words. And Han Guoqing (2003) classified the word formation of English new words into Compounding, Borrowing from Proper Nouns, Abbreviation, and Borrowing from Foreign Languages. Besides, Huang Ping (2006) also classified the word formation of English new words into another six categories: Derivation, Compounding, Abbreviation, Blending, Analogical Creation, and Semantic Extension. All the above-mentioned word formation is related to the English new words. Few scholars have done some systematic research into the word formation of Chinese new words. 3. Adding New Meaning to the Old Words The most directness way to create a new word is adding new meaning to the old word. By this way, one can easily to remember a word and it can be very colorful meaning. By doing so, the original expression of the word has been divided into a new lexeme. From this aspect, we can say that if a word gains a new meaning, it has added a new lexeme to the vocabulary (Wang Rongpei, 2000). Such as space shuttle? sof tware? video phone think tank and so on. 3. 2Borrowing Borrowing words means using the basic meaning to decorate the new things. Through this way, these words can much more quickly spread and give person a easy way to realize. For example, â€Å"window† means an opening in the wall of a building which now have an other means as the window on computer. The same to the word â€Å"mouse†, it means a small animal with along tail, but now almost everyone know it refer to a tool with computer. 3. 3Derivation Vocabulary system is a developing system, and it not only proceeds words which are useful, but also change them, switch them, abound them and expand itself(,1999). Now we live in cyber society, so many new words about cyber appear. Like cyberspace , cyberage , cyberrevolution, cyberculture, cybernews, cyberlove, cybermania, cybercafe, cybercrime, cyberfraud, cyberlan , cyberporn, cybersickness, cyberkidnapper and so on. As we see, cyber above all means. Ayto(1999) pointed out that, from now on, the most used way to formation a new word is blending ,and almost three forth of new words are created by this way. 3. 4Blending We put two different meaning words into one new word, and it is named blending. Many Chinese new words are all born from this way ,so are English words. Internet? netizen? modem? email? codec ? avionics? smartdrv? forex? stagfla2tion? oopetitio? prosumer ? netiquette ? informania ? p sywar ( ),these words can be saw everywhere in news. When we use them, we may keep a habit like below: Netiquette ( )=et (? ) + etiquette ( ) ; informania ( )=information( )+mania (? )? We carry the front meaning of the first word and the tail of the second word together to be the new word. Besides some words are s craped by their conception like email ( )=electronic +mail ; netizen=network + citizen Barnhart(1995) wrote the book The Barnhart Dictionary of New English Since 1963. It had more than 6000 new words and about 900 words came from this way. 3. Abbreviation An abbreviation (from Latin brevis, meaning â€Å"short†) is a shortened form of a word or phrase. Usually, but not always, it consists of a letter or group of letters taken from the word or phrase. The shortened form of a phrase can be referred to as acronym. And the shortened form of a word can be called as clipped words. The first category is usually applied in the abbreviation of many organizations and proper nouns, such as â€Å"PC (personal computer)†, â€Å"PDA (personal digital assistant)†, â€Å"SCO (Shanghai Cooperation Organization)†, â€Å"DINK (double incomes, no kids)†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ In Chinese, we can also find such kind of new words, such as â€Å" )†, â€Å" ( )†,â€Å" ( + + ) †. 4. Background of Neologism in News Language 4. 1Politics and Economy ( ) After the afire of Watergate, this word spreads all over the word. So as the women liberation sport, after it , many new words came about like chairwoman( ),mono-sex( )? And the words deflation( )),value added tax( ),Euro( )come from Economy slump. During the 2009, the most famous black people Barack Obama let the whole world’s people know him. As a result, the new words using his name are born here and there. For example, adding (fy) behind the Obama was used widely. Could you please leave your hate and bigotry to the polit2ical forums? I want to talk football please. Thanks in advance. † â€Å"I understand your point, however, when you Obamafy your profile on he re, you invite political discourse. Kudos on the standard / hate and bigotry0 comment toward those who dont want the junior Senator from ACORN to occupy the White House†. Besides, last year, the economic crisis has m ade many countries’ economy suffer great loss, affecting every aspect of our life. At the same time, many new words have emerged. Economic crisis has changed people’s living style. In their daily life, people begin to become economical. In order to advocate thrift way of living style, many newspapers and magazines launched â€Å"hundred yuan ( )† activity. 4. 2Culture Chinese people like the color red, and red is the national color. In China, red means lucky, happy and enthusiasm. To celebrate festival, wedding, and form, people use red to express welfare and mascot. Brides dressed in red, many lantern hung on the door with the color red, and the people who got the most welcome is called red people. So we can see many new phrases with red like red carpet red cedar ; red cell ; Red Cross ; red flag ; red scarf ; bright red ; red clay ; red blood cell ; red thread ; the red maple leaves. ( ) 4. 3Society Since 80th and 90th in the last century, with the rapid popularizing of computers and spread of Internet, the Internet culture has been causing significant changes in every corner of our life. A good case in point is â€Å"Blog†. Almost every net izen has a blog site, some even more. Many words related to blog has also entered our vocabulary, like â€Å" or Blogosphere†, â€Å" r celeblog†, â€Å" or charity blogger†, â€Å" or tree hole post†, â€Å" or online post bar† and so on. 5. Translation Strategies Derived from Word Formation Word formation has a close relationship with the translation of new words. Usually, five ways are employed in the translation of new words. They are literal translation, liberal translation, transliteration, combination of liberal translation and transliteration, and omission. For words which belong to a certain kind of word formation, we can use suitable measures to translate them. 5. 1Literal Translation Literal translation, also known as direct translation, is the rendering of text from one language to another in the way of â€Å"word-for-word† form. This kind of translation strategy can easily maintain the form of the source language. Usually we translate words one by one for example mad cow disease ( ) , Internet bar ( ) , compari2son shop ( ) , video conference ( ) ,information superhighway ( ) , Gulf War Syn2drom ( ) , business tourism ( ) ,golden goal ( ) , chemotherapy ( ) , genet2ic engineering( ) , community care ( ) ,gene therapy( ,magnetic shift ( )and so on. It is very easy for Chinese people who just learn English for a short time and they can translate accurately like others. 5. 2Liberal Translation In liberal translation, the translated version must keep the content of the source language, but may have difference in its form. When words translated in such way first appear in news, readers may feel very strange. But they will soon be accepted by the public. This method is usually applied to the translation of new words formed by word formation of â€Å"adding new meaning to old words† and borrowing. For example generalist /versatile educating( ) ? South Korean Trend ( ) ? pyramid selling( ) ? nest egg ( ) ? quiz kid ( ) ? mind relief ( ) and so on. Such as golf widow, football widow, TV widow, and computer widow, these are not meaning of women who lost husbands. They means women’s husbands enjoy golf, football, TV, computer so that forget they have wives. 5. 3Transliteration ( ) There are many words we had never seen them before, so we could not know their Chinese meaning. So we could only translate them by their pronunciation. Such as (Disco) , ( bikini) , ( clone) , hacker) , (media) , ( blog) , (? ) cool, ( ) talk show. And sometimes we could even know little of the meaning ,so we can together these two ways to translate like yuppie ( ) ,A IDS ( ) , bungee jump ing( ) , beeper (BP? ) , pickup ( ) , gene bank ( ) 5. 4Combination of Liberal Translation and Transliteration Both liberal translation and transliteration have some drawbacks. To make full use of liberal trans lation and transliteration, and to avoid their disadvantages, translators usually employ a more effective method—the combination of liberal translation and transliteration. A good case in point is â€Å"bungee†. In Chinese, it is translated into â€Å" †, which has expressed the original meaning very well. â€Å" † is translated according to the pronunciation, and the word â€Å"? †, which means limitation, has reflected the spirit of this activity—to challenge the limitation. The word â€Å"? † which is translated according to its meaning, has shown the nature of this new sport—jumping from a tall building. Besides, since there are many kinds of jumping in Chinese, such as â€Å" †, â€Å" †, the Chinese version will not sounds strange to Chinese readers. So we can say that the Chinese version â€Å" is a very successful translation example in terms of â€Å"faithfulness† and â€Å"expressiveness†. Another example is â€Å" †. One of its English versions is â€Å"taikonaut (It refers to the Chinese astronauts exclucively)†. Obviously, the first part â€Å"taiko † is translated according to the pronunciation â€Å" †. By doing so, it has kept the original flavor of the Chinese phrase, therefore, being true to the original version. The second part â€Å"naut† means sailor. When combined together, they have reflected the original meaning of a person who travels in space for the Chinese space program. Also, the suffix is often seen in English, as in the words â€Å"astronaut† and â€Å"aeronaut†, so the English version â€Å"taikonaut† has also conform to the word formation in English, and is easy for readers from English-speaking countries to understand. 5. 5Omission With more and more people today using English in life, work, game, English has become one aspect of Chinese people. Many Chinese communicated to foreigners especially people who speak in English. We may talk both in Chinese and English mixed in sentences. And what’s more, some words can be heard or saw here and there just like Chinese word. When we reading books, massages, papers, watching TV, surfing on line, we will meet â€Å" MBA, WTO, IT ,CD, VCD, DVD, MTV†. We can use them directly without translating. 5. 6Translation According to the Background of Neologism in News Language As mentioned above, background information of neologism may help translators to improve the quality of translation in terms of both â€Å"faithfulness† and â€Å"expressiveness†. For some new words, if one translates these words only according to the facial meaning of a word, he probably can not faithfully express the essence of the sources words, and reflect the trend of times. By doing so, he has violated the basic principles of neologism translation—â€Å"faithfulness†. However, if one knows more about the background information of new words, he will find it easy to understand the connotation of new words, and make the translated version equal to the original one. The following are some examples: a. â€Å"Obamican†: If a translator knows nothing about the 2008 general election in America, as well as both the Republican’s and the Democrat’s support for Obama, he will probably not know that â€Å"Obamican† is blended by Obama and Republican. He may even not know that this word refers to certain Republicans who are deeply attracted by Obama’s personal charisma, and chose to vote for Obama in the election. Therefore, it is inappropriate for some to translate it into â€Å" †. A relatively suitable version is â€Å" †. Though it seems a little bit long, it has reflected the original meaning of â€Å"Obamican† exactly, and is easy for Chinese readers to understand. b. â€Å"BRIC†: If someone does not know that this new word appeared against the background of rapid economic development in these four countries—Brazil, Russia, India and China, he will probably translate it into â€Å" or so. Now, a widely used version is â€Å" †. Here, the Chinese word â€Å"? † has shown the economic power of these four countries, expressing the original meaning of four fast growing economies. And the Chinese word â€Å"? † reflected that the English version has the same pronunci ation as â€Å"brick†. In addition, the Chinese version sounds very fluent. It has grasped the background of the word â€Å"BRIC† and treated the basic principles of translation of news language very flexibly. By doing so, the Chinese version has fulfilled the requirement of â€Å"faithfulness† and â€Å"expressiveness†. . â€Å" †: When first comes to know this word; one may want to translate it into â€Å"kind customers†. A further research may lead him to understand that this term refers to people who sign onto a charity Website to donate money to the needy or set up blogs for charity purposes by using their real names. So a better English version is â€Å"charity bloggers†. The word â€Å"charity† has conveyed the original meaning of being kind, and the word â€Å"blogger† has shown that such kind of persons practice philanthropy though blogs. Therefore, the English version has faithfully conveyed its original meaning. On the other hand, the English version also conforms to the word formation of compounding. So it can be easy for English readers to understand. 6. Ways to Improve the Quality of Neologism in News Language ( , ) According to the above analysis, we may find that to translate new words in news language is by no means an easy task, though it only involves the most basic words translation. The process of translating these most basic new words involves knowledge in almost every field. Though the analysis in the previous parts of this thesis can not give us a definite answer, still it has provided some very important pieces of suggestion for us. 6. 1Understand Background Knowledge The news translation involves information from every aspect of our life. For example, when translating sports news, one has to know certain terms in sport, while translating economic news, one must knew well about economics. If a translator is not interested in and sensitive to new things and new phenomena, he will feel puzzled, and may even not understand the source word. On the contrary, if one has the habit of reading newspaper and magazines, he will find these new words easy to handle. So, news translators must pay special attention to these new words, and have a good command of their background information. 6. 2Learn to Look up Newspaper ; Magazines for Reference Of course, it is almost impossible to get familiar with every new thing and new phenomenon. After all, different person has different hobbies and interests. Some will pay more attention to news in certain fields, while totally neglecting other news. When translating news event that one is not very familiar with, one must learn to make full use of various kinds of resource. For some proper names, there is a standard translation version. We can find it in some state-owned newspapers, magazines, or televisions, like People’s Daily, China Daily, New York Times†¦ By doing so, one can avoid some unnecessary misunderstandings as well as some wrong translations. Conclusion The present paper is an attempt to the research about the translation of neologism in new language. From the above analysis, it is obvious to see that the translation of neologism in news language is a huge task. Sometimes, we can translate new words according to their word formation. And sometimes, we should consider from the perspective of their background information. Now matter what kind of translation measure one may employ, he must adhere to the basic principle of translation, acquire background information well, and learn to learn to look up newspaper ; magazines for reference.

An Analysis of Dranove’s The Economic Evolution of American Healthcare Essay Example

An Analysis of Dranove’s The Economic Evolution of American Healthcare Essay Example An Analysis of Dranove’s The Economic Evolution of American Healthcare Paper An Analysis of Dranove’s The Economic Evolution of American Healthcare Paper The Economic Evolution of American Health Care: from Marcus Welby to managed care was written by David Dranove. The book, published in 2002, was written to explore the history of health care in America and outline the changes that occurred beginning from the traditional health care practice that Dranove called as â€Å"Marcus Welby medicine† to the more modern managed care, all from the economic perspective. The paper covers a brief summary of the chapters and points made by Dranove and critical analysis with close attention to highlighting the main arguments of Dranove. Among the various points emphasized by Dranove in the book, the paper will discuss three ideas: the importance of trust in the patient-physician relationship, the valuable role of managed care in increasing access to health care services, and the means to ensure that managed care organizations deliver quality health care services and do not take advantage of Brief Summary The first chapter, The Rise of Managed Care, discussed traditional health care as portrayed in a television show Marcus Welby, M.D. The television show became popular in the 1960s and was about Marcus Welby, a primary care physician or PCP. The Marcus Welby medicine placed the physician as â€Å"the center of a medical care system† (p. 7). The physician manages an independent medical clinic, does house calls, make referrals, and make important decisions in the hospital setting. In traditional health care, the physician was instilled the right to make autonomous decisions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   After several decades, however, managed care was introduced and the physician was displaced as the policy and decision-maker. Dranove called managed care as â€Å"dispassionate and depersonalized†. The close and personal relationship between the physician and the patient was less prioritized and managed care organizations or MCOs became key policy and decision-makers. At this point, Dranove highlighted the shopping problem. The shopping problem caused a dilemma on the part of individuals who are unsure from where to seek medical care. In traditional health care, patients rely entirely on the decisions, advises, and referrals of the physician,   until managed care stepped in and   the commercialization of health products and services made health care a shopping culture that creates problems for patients, also considered as consumers. In the second and third chapters, The Origins of Managed Care and The Government Steps In respectively, Dranove discussed how managed care began especially the various factors that transformed the traditional health care system to a modern and economic-centered one. Managed care began as an outcome of traditional health care. Managed care organizations or MCOs became the middlemen between physicians and patients, consequently solving the shopping problem and issues concerning costly health care services. MCOs identified the needs of patients and fulfilled the responsibility of selecting health care services for them while promising cut rates to lower cost. The second part of the book talks about the modern health economy, primarily in the 20th century. The 5th, 6th, and 7th chapters of part two introduced very important details that stressed the advantages but most importantly the disadvantages of MCOs and why there is a need to address them. The modern health economy, according to Dranove, may have offered the American people accessible health care services primarily from health insurances, but the problem with managed care is the quality of services being provided by MCOs, the cost that individuals are paying for these services, and the depersonalization of business. The American people have already lost their trust on MCOs. In the remaining chapters of the book, Dranove (2002) discussed some important points about managed care and introduced several ways in order to address the problems and disadvantages of managed care. The Patient-Physician Relationship One of the most important issues that Dranove pointed out was the importance of developing a desirable patient-physician relationship. More than once, Dranove mentioned that the transition from traditional health care to managed care has led to the depersonalization of health care services. Furthermore, the negative side of managed care has caused the American people to lose their trust on the health care system. Most individuals believe that the health of the American people is not the first priority of MCOs. In fact, MCOs have created a new health care system where individuals needed to rely on the decisions of MCOs and simply choose from the goods and services that MCOs have to offer. The argument of Dranove is agreeable but the current health care system, and even the traditional health care system, cannot address trust issues. The Marcus Webley medicine did gained the trust of people. The relationship between the physician and the patient was ideal. The patient goes to a trusted physician and relied on him for advice, referrals, and recommendations. The physician, on the other hand, was hands-on and attentive to the needs of patients. As Dranove described it, the physician was the center of the health care system. The physician is also the center of the patient’s health. Dranove described the relationship between the physician and the patient as something that should be built on trust. Dranove quoted James Coleman, â€Å"in which the risk one takes depends on the performance of another actor† (p. 14). Patient trust also comes in different forms: 1. Trust that providers will act unselfishly, putting patients’ interests above their own; 2. Trust that providers have the technical competence necessary for proper diagnosis and treatment; and 3. Trust that providers can control and coordinate the resources necessary to deliver quality care. Patients entrust their lives to the hands of physicians and the latter should respond to the patients’ trust by providing them the best quality care. According to Dranove, the best advantage of the Marcus Welby medicine is that physicians value the trust that patients give them and provide the best possible quality of health care to them. â€Å"But the great advantage of the traditional health economy was that economics never stood in the way of quality† (p. 84) The problem, however, is the cost of health care services then. Being independent physicians who were in charge of almost everything, the cost of services asked of patients was too high. According to Dranove, from the 1960s until the early 1990s, health care was what Dranove the economy of the United States. The high cost of health care services became the primary source of revenue in the country, but on the contrary, limited access to these services. Health care services should be for all, as is the goal of the US government when it comes to health policies. Expensive health care services mean that not everyone will be able to afford health care. Readings of other books support this idea. The discussion by Brannon Feist (2009) on health care covered the ideas that Dranove discussed and I agree with, that expensive health care means limited access to it. â€Å"The cost of health care prevents many people from receiving proper treatment and care† (p. 59).

Two-Digit Multiplication Lesson Plans

Two-Digit Multiplication Lesson Plans This lesson gives students an introduction to two-digit multiplication. Students will use their understanding of place value and single digit multiplication to begin multiplying two-digit numbers. Class: 4th grade Duration: 45 minutes Materials papercoloring pencils or crayonsstraight edgecalculator Key Vocabulary: two-digit numbers, tens, ones, multiply Objectives Students will multiply two two-digit numbers correctly. Students will use multiple strategies for multiplying two-digit numbers. Standards Met 4.NBT.5. Multiply a whole number of up to four digits by a one-digit whole number, and multiply two two-digit numbers, using strategies based on place value and the properties of operations. Illustrate and explain the calculation by using equations, rectangular arrays, and/or area models. Two-Digit Multiplication Lesson Introduction Write 45 x 32 on the board or overhead. Ask students how they would begin to solve it. Several students may know the algorithm for two-digit multiplication. Complete the problem as students indicate. Ask if there are any volunteers who can explain why this algorithm works. Many students who have memorized this algorithm dont understand the underlying place value concepts. Step-by-Step Procedure Tell students that the learning target for this lesson is to be able to multiply two-digit numbers together.As you model this problem for them, ask them to draw and write what you present. This can serve as a reference for them when completing problems later.Begin this process by asking students what the digits in our introductory problem represent. For example, 5 represents 5 ones. 2 represents 2 ones. 4 is 4 tens, and 3 is 3 tens. You can begin this problem by covering the numeral 3. If students believe that they are multiplying 45 x 2, it seems easier.Begin with the ones:45x 32 10  (5 x 2 10)Then move on to the tens digit on the top number and the ones on the bottom number:45x 3210 (5 x 2 10) 80 (40 x 2 80. This is a step where students naturally want to put down â€Å"8† as their answer if they aren’t considering the correct place value. Remind them that â€Å"4† is representing 40, not 4 ones.)Now we need to uncover the numeral 3 and remind students tha t there is a 30 there to consider:45x 321080150 (5 x 30 150) And the last step:45x 3210801501200 (40 x 30 1200)The important part of this lesson is to constantly guide students to remember what each digit represents. The most commonly made mistakes here are place value mistakes.Add the four parts of the problem to find the final answer. Ask students to check this answer using a calculator.Do one additional example using 27 x 18 together. During this problem, ask for volunteers to answer and record the four different parts of the problem:27x 18 56 (7 x 8 56)160 (20 x 8 160) 70 (7 x 10 70)200 (20 x 10 200) Homework and Assessment For homework, ask students to solve three additional problems. Give partial credit for the correct steps if students get the final answer wrong. Evaluation At the end of the mini-lesson, give students three examples to try on their own. Let them know that they can do these in any order; if they want to try the harder one (with larger numbers) first, they are welcome to do so. As students work on these examples, walk around the classroom to evaluate their skill level. You will probably find that several students have grasped the concept of multi-digit multiplication fairly quickly, and are proceeding to work on the problems without too much trouble. Other students are finding it easy to represent the problem, but make minor errors when adding to find the final answer. Other students are going to find this process difficult from beginning to end. Their place value and multiplication knowledge are not quite up to this task. Depending on the number of students who are struggling with this, plan to reteach this lesson to a small group or the larger class very soon.

Performance Management for Human Resources Essay

Performance Management for Human Resources - Essay Example The task involved three people playing the role of HR staffs and three people playing the role of employees. The staffs were initially trained to fold two patterns in paper - a pop gun and a shuriken. The trained staffs were then instructed to teach and coach the employee-trainees, one on one. Each coaching staff was to teach one employee-trainee regarding the proper folding of papers to produce the two patterns. During the class presentation, the trained audiences show their learning by performing the task requirement. The performance of each employee was then assessed with regards to quality of work and time consumed through a 360-degree approach. After the presentation, the three audiences and three staffs were given feedback forms to evaluate the performance of one another. An effective performance management for human resource defines the goals and objectives of the program. Management by objectives, or MBO, is employed in most performance management systems where a set of goals or deliverables are put together (Drucker, 1986). The goal of the class task is to evaluate and improve the performance outcomes of each staff and each member. Goal-setting draws employee into the performance management process and gives them a blueprint for improving performance. The class presentation is a simple task that involved folding two patterns of paper. The task specified key requirements which are folding a pattern of a pop gun and a shuriken. The pop gun served as a standard measurement of performance while the shuriken served as a bonus. Defining the job requirements would guide the audience on the tasks and on the assessment criteria on how their performance will be measured. The class task had demonstrated clear job descriptions and responsibilities. The manner of training employed utilises the coaching approach. The trained staffs served as coaches for the audience. In order to maximise the learning of the audience, the number of coaching staff employed were with the same number of audience to be trained. Coaching is a way of learning that is highly personal, flexible and individualised. The approach enhances and develops the performance of individuals. Coaching is a direct means of increasing the competency of the trainee. (Caplan, 2003) The performance appraisal of the tasks is directed with three objectives. First is to establish a systematic way of evaluating performance. Second is to provide constructive feedback. And third is to enable the audience to improve their job performance. (Messmer, 2007) With regards to the class task, it has established a systematic way of evaluating the performance of the audience through minimum criteria for evaluations of performance. The performance outcomes of each audience or employee are evaluated using defined criteria. The criteria include following the folding instructions correctly; folding done neatly; testing the finish product; and measuring the time to finish. The criteria such as following instructions, quality of folding and testing of finish product were evaluated by the staffs using a performance protocol; whether it were performed good, moderate or poor. Time consumption standards were established beforehand. The standard time for creating the pop gun pattern was 2mins and 15secs. The standard time that would be consumed for making the shuriken pattern was 4mins and 50secs. Assessment of

Poaching in Zimbabwea, causes and attempts to stop sense the 1990s Essay

Poaching in Zimbabwea, causes and attempts to stop sense the 1990s - Essay Example About 1000 rhinos were killed in South Africa in 2013 alone (The Citizen1). Poaching in Zimbabwe has become a great challenge to the Zimbabwean government due to the high demand of rhino and elephant horns in Asia the Greatest market being China. In Asia, the rhino horns are greatly respected and taken as a status symbol and have medicinal value (The Citizen1). The cases of poaching have dropped in Zimbabwe in recent years because the conservation authorities in Zimbabwe have adopted stern measures including conviction and jail terms for poachers. Additionally, they have also taken steps to track the animals via satellite and relocated the animals to safer sanctuaries. Poachers use various tactics to kill the animals like poisoning and shooting. According to the wildlife conservation of Zimbabwe, more than 300 elephants were poisoned using cyanide in 2013 alone. Zimbabwe has a major poaching problem caused by the outside influence of China and that of neighboring African countries. H owever, there have been efforts made by the Zimbabwean government and other organizations, like the United Nations, to stop poaching. Furthermore, due to the increasing wealth in Asian countries China Inclusive, the demand for rhino horns and ivory has gone up. This is because these goods are the status symbol of wealth, and there is a ready market by African buyers who serve as dealers to Asia. Due to the increased demand of Ivory in Asia, poaching in Africa increased in 2011 and 2013 (Hsdl.org 1). Research has shown some rogues terrorists collude with government officials in Zimbabwe to execute poaching. Consequently, ivory smuggling in Zimbabwe is executed by high confidence traffickers who use sophisticated networks to move ivory from local areas to ports of exit accelerated by corruption of the border insecurity. In Zimbabwe, these networks are related with illegitimate weapons

A Brothers Love Essay Example for Free

A Brothers Love Essay When you compare Louis Erdrichs story The Red Convertible and James Baldwins story Sonnys Blues, they seem like completely different stories. The Red Convertible is about two brothers, Lyman and Henry, who grow up on a Native American reservation in North Dakota. The two brothers share a strong bond that is personified through their love for a certain red car that they share. They go through an amazing Journey and discover a lot about each other. On the other hand, Sonnys Blues is also about two brothers, however their Journey goes a completely different oute than Lyman and Henrys. In Sonnys Blues, the narrator and his little brother, Sonny, start out as distant and forgotten family members. Through Sonnys love for music, and his older brothers gradual acceptance, the two grow a stronger bond than ever before. Although the two are indeed about different topics, there are some parallels to recognize as well. The Red Convertible and Sonnys Blues are alike for many reasons, but the most prominent similarity is the theme of brotherhood. For instance, in Sonnys Blues, the dynamic between the two brothers changes from eing completely distant to finally understanding each other, despite their differences. The growth of a relationship is an important factor in true brotherhood. An example of the two brothers taking a step in the right direction is when they meet after Sonny is let out of prison. It has been a while since they have spoken last, and the older brother narrates, miet, when he smiled, when we shook hands, the baby brother Id never known looked out from the depths of his private life, like an animal waiting to be coaxed into the light. (Baldwin, 312) The other brother is realizing that e has never really known his baby brother because his true self was always buried beneath the mask of his drug addiction. We can see here that the other brother is seeing that Sonny is trying to let himself into the light, or trying to finally get himself to a better place in life. The turning point in the story where Sonnys love for music gets truly understood by his brother, is at the end of the story when he is playing his gig. The older brother states, For, while the tale of how we suffer, and how we are delighted, and how we may triumph is never new, it always must be heard. There isnt any other tale to tell, its the only light weve got in all this darkness. (Baldwin, 324) This statement by Sonnys older brother shows that he has finally opened up his heart to accept that his little brother is getting better and expressing himself through music. Like in Sonnys Blues, Henry and Lyman go through a similar Journey in The Red Convertible, where they discover their own Journey through brotherhood. Unlike Sonnys progression of his relationship with his brother, Henry and Lymans relationship starts out ver y strong but dies out in the end. Although the two stories have different outcomes, the core theme of brotherhood is the same. In The Red Convertible, Henry and Lyman are best friends, and spend every moment hanging out with each other. They are inseparable, until Henrys decision to Join the army for three years tears them apart. When Henry returns, Lyman is concerned as he remembers the times wed sat still for the whole afternoon, Henry always had a Joke, then, too, and now you couldnt get him to laugh (Erdrich, 74). Lyman is realizing that his brother nas changed and is disassociated wit n his tormer selt. Lyman is pain stricken because the strength of their brotherhood was slipping through his fingers. Overall, both stories express the motivation and strength that a brotherhood can give. Despite their similarities in overall theme, the two stories are different regarding the symbols that connect the brothers. In Sonnys Blues, the factor that allowed Sonny and his brother to break the barrier between them was his music. Living in Harlem, there isnt many ways to express yourself or let yourself be heard, so music was an escape. Through Sonnys infatuation with music, his brother was able o see beyond his drug addiction and begin to start the re-birth of their relationship. At the end of the story, Sonnys brother was watching him play, But Just before they started playing again, Sonny sipped from it and looked toward me, and nodded (Baldwin, 326). At this point, it is as if Sonnys brother accepted him through the music and finally feels that connection that only brothers can share. Music is a central symbol in Sonnys Blues and creates a stepping stone for the two brothers relationship to grow. On the other hand, we have The Red Convertible, which has a uch different object that directs the story. In The Red Convertible, Henry and Lymans relationship is driven by their love for their red car they had bought together. The red flashy car resembles the boys resilient and carefree view on life, and the strength of the bond they shared in the beginning of the story. However, after Henry returns from Vietnam, he is a changed man and according to Lyman, The change was no good. (Erdrich, 72) Lyman hopes that the car might bring the old Henry back somehow (Erdrich, 75), but is let down when Henry shows no interest in he car. Ironically, Henry ends up destroying the car which, symbolically, destroys the relationship between the two brothers as well. Like the music in Sonnys Blues, the red car in The Red Convertible was a symbol for the change in the brothers relationship. The relationship between two brothers can be transitive, whether it starts distant and grow close like in Sonnys Blues, or the other way around as we saw in The Red Convertible. While each story may have different symbols and storylines, we still see the theme of both the true nature of brotherhood.

Drilling for Oil, the Environment, and Ethics Essay -- Pollution Prese

For more than a decade, debate over drilling for oil on the Coastal Plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge [ANWR] has continued unabated. The proposal to drill for oil in Arctic National Wildlife Refuge is heavily urged by the oil companies and supported by most Alaskan government officials, has drawn full scale opposition from powerful private environmental organizations representing millions of members throughout the United States. Congress established the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge in 1980, over the strenuous objections of oil companies like Exxon and British Petroleum. As a compromise with the oil companies, lawmakers designated the refuge's coastal plain as a â€Å"study area,† leaving it in limbo until future lawmakers ruled whether to protect it or not. For the last 20 years, Arctic advocates, including the Gwich’in and religious and conservation groups, have urged Congress to protect the integrity of the refuge by designating the coastal plain as â€Å"wilderness.[i]† With several bills languishing, Arctic advocates are now appealing to the President — who can preserve the area by designating the coastal plain a National Monument. BP Amoco, Exxon-Mobil, Philips Petroleum and Chevron — some of the largest corporations on the planet — are aggressively lobbying Congress to open the refuge to drilling. With high-priced lobbying and public relations firms working for them, these oil companies are impossible to ignore. In 1997 alone, the oil and gas industry spent $51.7 million on lobbyists and purchasing meals, travel and other favors for decision-makers and their staff, according to a study by the Associated Press. Oil companies that want to drill in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge have also worked to wi... ...e rights of future generations to its resources. Upon weighing both sides of the issue, and considering the severity of ethical implications we can easily see that environment is a priceless asset to our future generations and us. Natural systems possess a value in them that makes them worth preserving, even at the cost of our needs. [i] Stepping up efforts to stop oil drilling http://www.house.gov/capps/isoil.html [ii] CNN.com - Nature - Offshore oil drilling could flood coastal http://www.cnn.com/2000/NATURE/09/01/cara.bill/ [iii] ALASKA OIL DRILLING http://www.american.edu/projects/mandala/TED/alaska.htm [iv] Stepping up efforts to stop oil drilling http://www.house.gov/capps/isoil.html [v] Greenpeace Arctic Action http://www.greenpeaceusa.org/arctic/ [vi] Greenpeace Arctic Action http://www.greenpeaceusa.org/arctic/

Science fair project: sun light vs artificial sun light

Sun light vs articical light One of the main benefits of artificial light is that you can control how many hours of light per day your plants receive. This way, those living in northern or southern latitudes can provide their plants with light for growth and development even when the sun sets early, in essence tricking the plants into believing that it is summertime and that they should continue to grow rather than become dormant or, in the case of annuals, die. In addition, your plants will receive constant direct light for as long as you leave the lights turned on.Read more: http://www. ehow. om/about_6720270_sunlight-artificial-light-plant- growth. html#ixzz2isDOMJQa Incandescent Light Although affordable, incandescent lights provide little of the blue-spectrum light essential to plant growth. They are less efficient than other artificial lights as they produce less illumination while utilizing more energy. To draw the most benefit from an incandescent light, you would have to pla ce it close to your plants, and because incandescent lights produce more heat than other types of bulbs, this would likely result in burning your plants.Incandescent bulbs also have very short lives. High- Intensity Discharge Light High-intensity discharge lights produce far more illumination while using much less electricity than incandescent bulbs. In addition, while they produce a considerable amount of heat, you can hang them twice as far away from your plants as you would an incandescent bulb, so burning of the plants is less likely. High-pressure sodium lamps emit much red-spectrum light and little in the blue spectrum, making them ideal for greenhouse flowers to supplement natural sunlight and encourage blooming.Metal halide bulbs emit more blue-spectrum light, making them perfect or indoor growing operations for plants that will not flower, such as decorative plants and herbs. HPS bulbs last 12 times longer than incandescent bulbs, and MH bulbs can last five times as long. F luorescent Light Fluorescent lights produce less luminosity than high-intensity discharge lights, though far more than do incandescent bulbs. Fluorescents also produce very little heat and can hang very close to your plants.Bulbs rated in the higher Kelvin temperature range (5,000 to 6,500) emit more blue-spectrum light and those in the lower range (2,700 to 3,000) emit more red-spectrum light, although both also provide ull-spectrum light in lower intensities. Compact fluorescent lights will last five times as long as incandescent bulbs, and the straight T-5 full-spectrum fluorescents will last 10 times as long. Read more. nttp://www . enow. com/aoou growth. html#ixzz2isEHgmnp In general, sunlight is better for plant growth as it is intense and contains the full spectrum of electromagnetic radiation required for optimal plant growth.Artificial light, if it is an ordinary room light, will only support low-light tolerant plants. Most artificial light sources (fluorescent and incandes cent) do not provide the full isible light spectrum that is required by plants for optimal growth, this results in plants that are tall and spindly (etiolated) and sometimes discolored. However, there are special lights with a spectrum that is tailored for growing plants. They have to be on for longer hours than sunlight, but as long as a plant is getting enough light-energy to manufacture its food, it will grow well.It doesn't matter whether that light is coming from the sun or from grow lights. The downside to extended exposure to light is the plants metabolic functions operate twice as hard for the same amount of output. Recent studies have also highlighted ome of the negative aspects of extended photosynthetic periods (extended light reactive period and shortened dark reaction period). There are times when artificial light has an advantage. Hydroponic gardening with artificial light makes it possible to grow plants in unreliable climates that are lacking in sunshine – thi nk of the long â€Å"night† periods of areas of the northern hemisphere.In some places in Canada forage for animals is produced indoors during the winter months in artificial conditions. Supplemental lighting is used in horticulture to produce plants in flower outside of their normal flowering period. For instance Christmas cactus, poinsettias, tulips, narcissus, chrysanthemums, etc. Many houseplants grow better under artificial lamps, not because of the lights, but because it keeps them away from drafty windowsills! Plants will grow better under sunlight; artificial light lacks the complete spectrum of light provided by the sun. But a photon is a photon – and light is light – wnetner It comes Trom tne sun or a Tlasnllgnt vastly more energy comes Trom tne sun than from any artificial light. But the light from the sun is different from a street lamp another way: most artificial light doesn't emit as much energy in the red and blue region of the light spectrum as sunlight does. In other words, different ratios of reds, yellows and blues all combine together to make up white sunlight.Researchers can successfully grow plants using only artificial light in growth chambers. But sunlight is best for most plants. It's generally more intense than artificial light, and it's pretty equally distributed among the different wavelengths that earthly plants have evolved to like best. And there's another difference between lamps – even â€Å"grow lamps† – and sunlight. Grow lamps need energy to light up. Sunlight is unlimited and free. http://earthsky. org/human-world/artificial-light-plant- growth

Department of Employment Essay

An increase in part time employment has been in the Retail and tertiary sectors. A survey carried out by the   suggested that 77% of workers in nightclubs, bars and public houses were part time workers, 65% of food retail workers were part time employees and 57% of restaurant workers were part time employees. The split between new full time jobs and part time jobs in the UK was 50.1% part time jobs and 49.9% full-time.  2(a) Identify the indicators normally used to distinguish between developing and developed countries and analyse their usefulness. In the world there are developed countries and developing countries and in order to distinguish the two indicators are used. Indicators such as GDP per head, life expectancy and birth rate are used to distinguish between the two types of countries.  GDP (Gross domestic product) per head shows the average income person and can be calculated quite easily. This can be used to compare the GDP per head of two countries; a developed country will have a higher GDP per head than a developing country. It used to indicate how goods and services they can consume and thus gives a gives a standard of living. GDP per head alone does not give a clear indication of the amount of goods and services an average person can consume. Therefore it can be adjusted to GDP per person in Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) and this accounts for the cost of living. The PPP method takes the same amounts of goods and services in two countries and then calculates how much it would cost to buy these goods and services, i.e. a $100 in Ethiopia can buy more goods and services than a $100 in the United States, and without adjusting to PPP using GDP per head on its own to compare two countries would be unfair. GDP per head in PPP is a useful indicator of comparing two countries and especially in comparing a developed country to a developing country because it measures the average income per person and it is adjusted to its purchasing power, so if a person in country A gets $4 per hour and a person in country B gets $1 per however it does not necessarily mean that the person in country A can buy 4 times as much goods as the person in country B (given that they both work the same amount of hours). There are also weaknesses however in the GDP per head even when it is adjusted to PPP, it does not take in account the hidden economy. The hidden economy includes illegal activity, subsistence farming, and DIY etc. this would be particularly important in LEDC’s where there is a large rural economy and a great deal of corruption. For example it is thought if the hidden economy of Nigeria is brought forward in calculating its GDP then the GDP would increase by 70%. Another weakness is that although the GDP per head may be high it may mask a very wide distribution of wealth. In Saudi Arabia for example there are a very rich few the raise the GDP per head whereas the rest of the country are is not as economically well of as the GDP would suggest. Knowledge is also an indicator used to distinguish between developed and developing countries. Along with resources knowledge is need to make good use of the resources. Therefore education is a good indicator, this would include literacy rate and percentage of people going to higher education. In developed countries it is compulsory for children under the age of 16 to attend school, in developing countries however a percentage of the children start work before the age 16, as they need to help out with the family income. Children are seen as a source of income in poorer community of the LEDC’s and therefore are sent to work at an early age rather than attending school. This is particularly true in the rural areas of an LEDC. In developed countries there is no need for the children to work at such an early age as the parents usually work and can pay for their expenses or they can claim benefits from the government. The number of people that go on to university can be measured and in developed countries there are a greater number of people going to university than in developing countries. The graph (on the following page) compares the United Sates to Uzbekistan. It is quite clear that there are a greater number of university students in the United Sates than there are in Uzbekistan. Literacy rate is commonly used to compare to countries and does give a set of good results when comparing a developed country to a developing country. The number university student is not used as indicator but it is another example of how developed countries have more people going on to further education. Life expectancy and infant mortality are two important indicators between developed and developing countries. Life expectancy and infant mortality both show the state of the country’s health care. In developed countries the health care is quite good and people with an illness are likely to get a cure for their illness quickly and survive, but in developing countries there are poor health care systems and patients do not get treated as well or as quickly and as result there are deaths that could be prevented. A low infant mortality is the result of a good health care system and good health care systems are found in developed countries. For example in Bangladesh infant mortality is 69.98 per 1000 where as in Switzerland it is 4.87 per 1000. Life expectancy and infant mortality can be used to good effect to distinguish between developed and developing countries. The two indicators show the how much a government or the people of the country are willing to pay for their health care, the wealthier the country the better the health care, and wealthy countries are the developed countries. Life expectancy can, however, be very low, in Rwanda the life expectancy is 22, and this can give the impression that the country is the lowest of the developing countries. The low age of life expectancy is because of war and young men who are soldiers are the most likely to die and thus bring down the life expectancy. If there were no wars then life expectancy would be much higher and the country may not be seen as the â€Å"worst† of the developing countries.

Great Depression Essays - Systemic Risk, Financial Crises

Great Depression Essays - Systemic Risk, Financial Crises Great Depression The Great Depression was the worst economic slump ever in U.S. history, and one which spread to virtually all of the industrialized world. The depression began in late 1929 and lasted for about a decade. Many factors played a role in bringing about the depression; however, the main cause for the Great Depression was the combination of the greatly unequal distribution of wealth throughout the 1920's, and the extensive stockmarket speculation that took place during the latter part that same decade. The lack of distribution of wealth in the 1920's existed on many levels. Money was distributed in equally between the rich and the middle-class, between industry and agriculture within the United States, and between the U.S. and Europe. This imbalance of wealth created an unstable economy. The stock market was kept artificially high, but eventually lead to large market crashes. These market crashes, combined with the lack of distribution of wealth, caused the American economy to capsize. The roaring twenties was an era when our country prospered tremendously. The nation's total realized income rose from $74.3 billion in 1923 to $89 billion in 1929. However, the rewards of the Coolidge Prosperity of the 1920's were not shared evenly among all Americans. In 1929 the top 0.1% of Americans controlled 34% of all savings, while 80% of Americans had no savings at all. Automotive industry mogul Henry Ford is one example of the unequal distribution of wealth between the rich and the middle-class. Henry Ford reported a personal income of $14 million in the same year that the average persons income was $750. By present day standards Mr. Ford would be earning over $345 million a year! This lack of distribution of income between the rich and the middle class grew throughout the 1920's. A major reason for this large and growing gap between the rich and the working-class people was the increased manufacturing output throughout the 1920s. From 1923-1929 the average output per worker increased 32%. During that same period of time average wages for manufacturing jobs increased only 8%. As production costs fell quickly, wages rose slowly, and prices remained constant, the bulk benefit of the increased productivity went into corporate profits. The federal government also contributed to the growing gap between the rich and middle-class. Calvin Coolidge's administration favored business. An example of legislation to this purpose is the Revenue Act of 1926, which greatly reduced federal income and inheritance taxes. Andrew Mellon was the main force behind these and other tax cuts throughout the 1920's. Because of these tax cuts a man with a million-dollar annual income had his federal taxes reduced from $600,000 to $200,000. Even the Supreme Court played a role in expanding the gap between the socioeconomic classes. In the1923 case Adkins v. Children's Hospital, the Supreme Court ruled minimum-wage legislation unconstitutional. The large and growing difference of wealth between the well-to-do and the middle-income citizens made the U.S. economy unstable. For an economy to function properly, total demand must equal total supply. Essentially what happened in the 1920's was that there was an oversupply of goods. It was not that the surplus products were not wanted, but rather that those who needed the products could not afford more, while the wealthy were satisfied by spending only a small portion of their income. Three quarters of the U.S. population would spend essentially all of their yearly incomes to purchase goods such as food, clothes, radios, and cars. These were the poor and middle class. Families with incomes around, or usually less than, $2,500 a year. While the wealthy too purchased consumer goods, a family earning $100,000 could not be expected to eat 40 times more than a family that only earned $2,500 a year. Through the imbalance the U.S. came to rely upon two things in order for the economy to remain on an even level: credit sales, or investment from the rich. One obvious solution to the problem of the vast majority of the population not having enough money to satisfy all their needs was to let those who wanted goods buy products on credit. The concept of buying now and paying later caught on quickly. By the end of the 1920's 60% of cars and 80% of radios were bought on installment credit. Between 1925 and 1929 the total amount of outstanding installment credit more than doubled. This strategy created a non realistic demand for products which people could not usually afford. People could no longer use their regular wages to

Why the Water in a Nuclear Reactor Glows Blue

Why the Water in a Nuclear Reactor Glows Blue In science fiction movies, nuclear reactors and nuclear materials always glow. While movies use special effects, the glow is based on scientific fact. For example, the water surrounding nuclear reactors actually does glow bright blue! How does it work? Its due to the phenomenon called Cherenkov Radiation. Cherenkov Radiation Definition What is Cherenkov radiation? Essentially, its like a sonic boom, except with light instead of sound. Cherenkov radiation is defined as the electromagnetic radiation emitted when a charged particle moves through a dielectric medium faster than the velocity of light in the medium. The effect is also called Vavilov-Cherenkov radiation or Cerenkov radiation. Its named after Soviet physicist Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov, who received the 1958 Nobel Prize in Physics, together with Ilya Frank and Igor Tamm, for experimental confirmation of the effect. Cherenkov had first noticed the effect in 1934, when a bottle of water exposed to radiation glowed with blue light. Although not observed until the 20th century and not explained until Einstein proposed his theory of special relativity, Cherenkov radiation had been predicted by English polymath Oliver Heaviside as theoretically possible in 1888. How Cherenkov Radiation Works The speed of light in a vacuum in a constant (c), yet the speed at which light travels through a medium is less than c, so its possible for particles to travel through the medium faster than light, yet still slower than the speed of light. Usually, the particle in question is an electron. When an energetic electron passes through a dielectric medium, the electromagnetic field is disrupted and electrically polarized. The medium can only react so quickly, though, so there is a disturbance or coherent shockwave left in the wake of the particle. One interesting feature of Cherenkov radiation is that its mostly in the ultraviolet spectrum, not bright blue, yet it forms a continuous spectrum (unlike emission spectra, which have spectral peaks). Why Water in a Nuclear Reactor Is Blue As Cherenkov radiation passes through the water, the charged particles travel faster than light can through that medium. So, the light you see has a higher frequency (or shorter wavelength) than the usual wavelength. Because there is more light with a short wavelength, the light appears blue. But, why is there any light at all? Its because the fast-moving charged particle excites the electrons of the water molecules. These electrons absorb energy and release it as photons (light) as they return to equilibrium. Ordinarily, some of these photons would cancel each other out (destructive interference), so you wouldnt see a glow. But, when the particle travels faster than light can travel through the water, the shock wave produces constructive interference that you see as a glow. Use of Cherenkov Radiation Cherenkov radiation is good for more than just making your water glow blue in a nuclear lab. In a pool-type reactor, the amount of blue glow can be used to gauge the radioactivity of spent fuel rods. The radiation is used in particle physics experiments to help identify the nature of the particles being examined. It is used in medical imaging and to label and trace biological molecules to better understand chemical pathways. Cherenkov radiation is produced when cosmic rays and charged particles interact with the Earths atmosphere, so detectors are used to measure these phenomena, to detect neutrinos, and to study gamma-ray-emitting astronomical objects, such as supernova remnants. Fun Facts About Cherenkov Radiation Cherenkov radiation can occur in a vacuum, not just in a medium like water. In a vacuum, the phase velocity of a wave decreases, yet the charged particle velocity remains closer to (yet less than) the speed of light. This has a practical application, as it is used to produce high power microwaves.If relativistic charged particles strike the vitreous humor of the human eye, flashes of Cherenkov radiation may be seen. This can occur from exposure to cosmic rays or in a nuclear criticality accident.

Topical Analysis on Japan's Revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Topical Analysis on Japan's Revolution - Essay Example In order to understand the nature of the Meiji restoration, there is the need to look at the relationship between the merchants and the lower samurais. Both parties were anti-Tokugawa forces who were determined to annihilate the Tokugawa regime, with the lower samurais being vested with the leadership that would yield desired societal changes. The lower Samurais had superseded the ranks of the Samurai in order to become the spokesmen in this society. The Meiji restoration was a shift of the Japanese government to the upper samurai to lower samurai. In achieving this political control, the lower samurais supplied the ablest individuals such as Ito Hirobumi, Saigo Takamori, Inoue Kaoru and Omura Masujiro. The lower samurai achieved this through the financial help of the merchants. Merchants such as Konoike, Iwasaki, Shimada and Ono made immense contributions through financial donations. Hence, it is apparent that the Meiji restoration was achieved through a coalition between the lower samurai and merchant class. Moreover, the Feudal-merchant coalition was a cornerstone in the Japanese revolution. Unlike the class struggle that existed in western countries such as a France and England, the scenario in Japan was different. Marxists argue that capitalist bourgeoisie rise against feudal aristocrats in a bid to seize political power from them. The case in Japan was characterized by a collaboration between the aristocracy and the merchant classes. Hence, the Samurai and the merchant class had a symbiotic relation and they needed each other. In the Tokugawa system, the merchants were largely dependent on the daimyo and their treasurers. They saw... Japan’s revolution, dubbed ‘Meiji restoration’, took place following numerous reforms instituted by the Japanese government late in the 19th century. The subsequent events constituted the most dramatic events to ever happen in the modern history of Japan. It was in the Japanese revolution when universal education system was established. Moreover, during this revolution the navy and the army were established as well as the establishment of an effective administrative bureaucracy both locally and nationally. The Japanese revolution was multifaceted and culminated in Japan becoming a modern state. There are numerous shortcomings in the book by Norman (2000) as there lacks a detailed explanation of the nature of the Japanese revolution.The account of the Japanese revolution was scantily presented in the article with some facts being left out. The events that contributed to the revolution emanated from within the country and brought significant changes crucial to the d evelopment of a modern Japan. The multifaceted revolution saw a universal system of education being introduced in Japan as well as the establishment of the army and the navy. It is important to note that social disparities that existed during the Tokugawa regime were primary responsible for fuelling animosity that led to the revolution. The fact that the new regime under Meiji turned to the western countries for progress reveals that the Tokugawa regime was not toppled due to its move to seek assistance from these countries but rather due to domestic squabbles. The revolution revealed that there was animosity within the ranks of Tokugawa regime as there is no justification of having turned to the west for progress.